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We discuss in the present article some details of the tensile test in the context of tensile test devices.

What is a tensile test and how is it conducted?

Tensile tests are one of the most widespread methods of determining mechanical properties of materials. In a tensile test, one measures the strength of a material to a static load that is applied gradually. An appropriate sample (Figure 1) is placed in a universal test device and load is applied to the sample. In a tensile test, elongation of the material is measured by means of an extensometer and the force applied (the load) by means of a load cell. Then, the elongation and load values so obtained are used to obtain a strain – tension curve (Figure 2). Tensile tests are used to measure the ductility, strength and rigidity of materials.

In a universal test device, it is possible to conduct compression and bending tests in addition to tensile tests.

Tensile tests are a basic test of material science method where samples are subjected to tensile forces on a single axis until they break. The results so obtained are then used to select the right materials for a given application, to conduct quality control operations and to predict the behaviour of the material under other forces. The items of information obtained directly from this test are: maximum tensile strain, maximum elongation and reduction in area. These data enable one to calculate characteristics of the material such as Young coefficient, Poisson ratio, flowing strength and hardening.

Method

Place the sample in the device and subject it to a tensile force until it breaks. During the application of the force the amount of elongation in the standard cross-section is recorded as corresponding to the force applied. The data of elongation are used in the following equation to determine the engineering deformation (e).

ΔL refers to elongation and Lo to the initial length and L to the final length. The formula below is applied to calculate the engineering strain σ using the force data:

F refers to the force and A to the standard cross-section area. The device will carry out these calculations as the force increases and these data lead to a strain-deformation curve.

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